Environmental issues Essay Example for Free

Environ psychological issues EssayIt was not yet realized by the public the seriousness of the environmental problems we face if not for the issue on spherical warming. Dozens of organizations, many of them with international memberships, ar now working on everything from saving wild life to developing new sources of energy. But pollution, energy consumption and economic harvesting are independent problems. Effective programs for dealing with one of them often aggravate the others. For example, devices that clean automobile exhaust and reduce atm pollution also decreases provide economy, thereby using up our limited reserves more(prenominal) rapidly. Similarly, banning the burning of household trash reduces atmospheric state pollution but increases environmental pollution, as land, animals and scenery are sacrificed for strip mines and oil wells, and the wastes produced by the fuel are dumped into the environment. On the other hand, ignoring the need for more energy ret ards the economy, thereby increasing unemployment and by chance reducing food production.Nature is fighting back against the abuses we have inflicted upon it Due to benevolent care slightness that damaged the environment, many communities are now suffering from environmental crises. The air that you breathe contains gases such as oxygen, nitrogen and carbon paper dioxide in certain amounts. But many quite a little live in areas where the air contains pollutants that are harmful to their health. Air pollution is a common problem in congested and urban areas (The Washington Times 2006, p.26). Food, air and water needed for lifes processes which the environment provides unfortunately contain harmful substances scratched pollutants. The presence of air, water and soil in the environment is of waste materials or pollutants which the environment cannot handle, degrade, disperse or diffuse so that it becomes unclean and unhealthy is called pollution (Colla 2002, p.125). There are fou r general types of pollution, namely1. Air Pollution It is an undesirable change in the physical and chemical characteristics of air. Industrial plants, motor vehicles, indiscriminate throwing and burning of refuse everywhere make the air polluted. Cigarette smoking contributes to air pollution, most curiously in enclosed places. Foul smell from waste and methane gas emitted through the combustion of refuse contributes to the problem of air pollution (Kemp1994, p.23).Prolonged exposure to air pollution whitethorn cause/aggravate respiratory and other affections as well as irritation of the eyes, nose and throat.2. Water Pollution this results when water contains more harmful substances such as harmful bacterium and poisonous chemicals, than it can immanently get rid of. The dumping of domestic and industrial wastes into the rivers, canals, and other water bodies causes pollutants to be introduced into waterways. Frequent flooding which carry topsoil and sewage into the water s upplies pollute the water, too. Sugar mills, distillers and mining firms without proper waste disposal strategys are among the nous polluters of the nations waterways. Soap and water detergents produce coarse persistent layers of suds on the surface of receding waters.Substances such as harmful bacteria and poisonous chemicals are likely to cause gastro-intestinal affections, cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery, infectious hepatitis, food poisoning and even finale.Mercury in sea water is absorbed by tiny plants that provide food for small fish, which is eaten by a king-sizer fish. When they are eaten by men, mercury is deposited in the kidneys and brain which may cause death when accumulated (Kemp 1994, p.23).3. Land Pollution This takes place when harmful substances are introduced into the soil making it unable to sustain plant life. Dumping areas are breeding places of disease carriers such as flies, rodents, mosquitoes and cockroaches. offices of excessive amounts of ferti lizer, pesticides and other toxic chemicals can destroy the ability of the soil to self-generate. They deplete the nutrients, harden the texture, and increase toxicity, making the soil less productive.Other causes of land pollution are atomic fallouts and mine tailings which poison agricultural lands. Toxic residues from the accumulation of chemicals in the land can cause pubic louse and other diseases (Kemp 1994, p.24).4. Noise Pollution (Persistent noise) This refers to the presence of too loud, too sudden or very unpleasant sound that becomes an assault to the body causing mental or physical harm. The roaring of motor vehicles, grating sound of jackhammer, squeaking of tires, screeching brakes, blaring television sets, radios and stereos and even loud shouting are about types of dangerous noises when one is continuously exposed to them. Noise pollution affects not only the ears but also directly or indirectly impairs the mind and the wholly body. Directly, it can cause deafne ss indirectly, it may lead to increased heart beat and high blood pressure that eventually cause cardiovascular disease (Kemp 1994, p.24).Most pollution is caused by man, pollutants will increase as population grows, and hence, minimizing the production of pollutants and managing its proper disposal must be the goal of every human being.But the air pollution must be prone extra attention by the government, society and separately individual to protect people from this environmental danger, not only for ourselves but for future generations.Air Pollution, Environmental HazardThere are five basic pollutants of air are carbon monoxide, due south oxide, hydrocarbons (organic compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon) and small particles that float in the air (Jordan 2005, p.12-20).Sources of Air Pollution1. Automobile exhaustsThe poisonous carbon monoxide in the air comes from automobiles. northward oxide and hydrocarbons are also produced as by-products of engine combustion. The more ve hicles there are on the road, the greater is the possibility of pollution. Unleaded gasoline and some anti-pollution automobile part cut down the amount of pollutants in the air. But menu vehicles are still a major cause of air pollution.2. IndustryIndustries are responsible for the second man-sizedst amount of pollution in the air, next only to vehicles. Fuels that are used in some industries may give off large amounts of atomic number 16 oxide, nitrogen oxide and harmful particles of dust and ash. Sulfur oxide is made when fuels containing sulfur like coal are burned-out. Certain industrial processes may give off more of one pollutant than another. This depends on the kind of fuel used and the product that is being made.3. IndividualsPeople pollute the air in many ways. Each time a person smokes a cigar/cigarette, the air is being polluted when he burns trash, air pollution is increased. More pollution is added when he uses wood for cooking or to keep warm during the cold mo nths or cool during the hot months.Effects of Air Pollution1. Respiratory disordersIf you have breathed polluted air, the eyes may water, the nose may run and a cough may develop. Serious illnesses are likely to happen to people long exposed to polluted air. inveterate bronchitis, emphysema and lung cancer are common in air polluted areas. Cigarette smoking is closely related to the development of long cancer. Heart diseases, curiously heart attacks occur more in places where there is a high level of carbon monoxide in the air.1. AccidentsVehicle accidents happen more often in places where air is polluted. These accidents may be caused by poor visibility in the polluted air. Or they may be caused by increased exposure to carbon monoxide. People with watery eyes, headaches and breathing problems often find it hard to drive in air polluted areas.2. High economic costThe government may spend billions of pesos per year to control air pollution. However, little has been done by the gove rnment to control air pollution due to the struggling economy and the rugged economic product. The United States spends around 4o billion dollars a year to control air pollution. The cost of air pollution is about 200 dollars per year for each person.Air pollution can also add to the rusting and corrosion of vehicles and machinery. Even farm crops may be harmed or stunted in growth by air pollution.There is a way out of this trap. In a word, it is sacrifice. The fact that there is no way both to clean up the environment and conserve natural resources without changing the life-style of people in the industrialized nations. The challenge is that of motivating people to make the necessary changes now, before a worldwide disaster forces much more difficult adjustments upon us.Preventing of Air PollutionEveryone needs to care more about the problem of air pollution. Car exhausts and air conditioning systems can be checked at regular times and kept in good working condition. Air condit ioners, if not working properly, may give off harmful hydrocarbons. Vehicles should not be allowed to idle for more than a few minutes because idling lets carbon monoxide escape in the sir. Use of public transportation would also lower the number of vehicles on the road and in return would also lower air pollution. Strict laws on transportation and industry must be enforced.Instead of burning trash, it should be allowed to decompose in pits. The decomposed materials can be utilized as fertilizer for plants and at the aforesaid(prenominal) time minimizes smoke in the air. Stricter laws on cigarette smoking should also be enforced. The end result of this is lesser lung and heart ailments and cleaner atmosphere (Cline 1992, p.35-37). policy-making ActionThe real problem comes from the wealth the power of the opponents of environmental protection. On the local level, environmentalist face rich land developers who can make large campaign contributions to the politicians who decide what land may or may not be developed. At higher levels of government, environmentalists face even more powerful foes international corporations that stand to make big profits from despoiling the environment. Included here are some of the most powerful corporations in the world, such as petroleum and mineral companies that want to sink wells and mines in fragile wilderness areas, the manufacturers that spew pollutants into the air and water, and the firms that sell products such as polluting automobiles and unsafe pesticides. Such corporations have dog-tired hundreds of million dollars to persuade the government not to outlaw their destructive activities (Diehl, p.20-21). The environmentalists and the concerned public simply do not have that kind of money.If we are to support the natural environment for ourselves and the generations to come, two things must be done. First, a stronger educational campaign must be launched to make more people aware of environmental problems. Second, mor e ordinary citizens must join together and become involved in the political action necessary to strengthen anti-pollution laws, increase the enforcement effort, and protect our natural resources.Conserving ResourcesThere is no doubt that our existing resources can be used far more efficiently. It is possible for a large-scale, multiple-stage recycling program to be introduced in imitation of natural ecosystems. To take a simple example, garbage could be used as fuel to run the mills to make recycled paper, the wastes from which could be burned as fuel. Similarly, it is possible that community water districts will some day become closed systems, meaning that the water would be used again and again, neer being discharged into an ocean or river. Some factories already have such closed systems (Sarewitz 2000, p.55). It is possible to envision larger closed systems designed so that no industrial material would ever be discarded as either waste or pollution.Energy conservation can also cover our natural resources. Insulating homes, driving smaller cars at slower speeds, riding trains and buses instead of driving cars, recycling the heat used in factories, and restricting the manufacture of energy-wasting gadgets are obvious ways of eliminating waste. The immediate task is not to develop technologies that are more energy sufficient the challenge is to find ways or persuading people to use the conservation measures that are already available.Better TechnologyA growing number of scientists and concerned citizens are coming to see solar system as the best answer to the worlds energy problems. Solar power units use the endless supply of energy from the sun, are nonpolluting, and pose no threat of radiation or explosion. Other promising approaches use specially prepared ponds of water to trap solar energy or mirrors to concentrate it on a single location, where it can be used to generate electrical power (Tennesen 2004, p.85).Limiting GrowthTechnological solutions are a ttractive, but it is doubtful that they solely can resolve the environmental crisis. It is often argued that industrial growth is necessary to create new jobs for a growing population. The argument that economic growth is necessary to eliminate poverty and create a more egalitarian society is also misleading. Despite decades of rapid economic growth, the industrialized nations continue to show enormous inequalities of wealth and power (1991, p.12).ConclusionThe environmental crisis does not mean everyone should return to hunting and gathering the worlds current population is too large to even consider such an idea. Keeping a clean environment is the responsibility of the government, society and each individual. Today, air pollution must be given extra attention to protect people from this environmental danger. All of us must have aknowledge of this environmental menace. The young generations today, like us, crave for the total preservation of our natural resources, earnestly begging to put an end to wastage and preserve the natural wealth intended by our Mother Earth for the future.Yes, there is still light hope to save our Mother Earth from total destruction. There is still a chance to regain the lost paradise we unscrupulously abused. We must do our part to make this world a safer place to live in, not just for ourselves and our neighbors but our future generations. The will to dynamic implementation to this urgent call lies in your strong and sustainable support, giving once more Mother Earth a chance to care for our lives now and in the future generations.

Meaning of Life and Success Essay Example for Free

Meaning of Life and Success EssayThe most important thing in my life is thought to be happiness. In install to hit advantage you must adjust to very situation with ease. Success is it the process of doing a task and receiving a positive result, or is it simply achieving mavins own personal goals. According to The American Heritage dictionary success is, the achievement of something desired, planned, or attempt. The word success itself means to achieve your goal or get the point that you looking for. Some people success meant to them to be rich or to finish school and work postgraduate pay jobs. But for me success means more than that. Success means to me have peace and love also to get married and to enter heaven after this life is over.To be sure, eerybody who has peace and love is a successful succeeding person. Without peace and love there is no success. You wake up in the morning and you dont worry about anything that day that is success for me, because the life is sh ort, you dont have to be concerned about anything. in addition if you have a family that loves you and is everlastingly happy for what you are doing, that is success. In addition, if you take care of your old parents and they love you and they live a happy life, which is success for me.Additionally, success is also something that is viewed differently in the eyes of everyone. This is because success means doing what I have always wanted do being where I have always wanted to be. My goal in life is to eventually get married to a steady-going wife and have more happy children and if I civil that, then I could view myself as having success.Lastly, meaning of success for me is to enter the heaven after this life is over. We know that life in this world is overly short, and we dont know when we are going to die and what we are going to get after this life. That is a simple answer do good deeds in this world and you are going to be successful in the life hereafter. That means you en ter the heaven for sure and that is big recognize from God to his mankind. There is no dying after this life that means if you dont enter the heaven you will be the loser and who ever go in the heaven will be the winner.In conclusion, I still agree with the idea I presented however according to the dictionary and many other resources, success means to them achievement. But according to my own opinion success means to believe the ones of God, and to have peace and love in your social unit life, and to get in heaven the life hereafter.

The actual experiment Essay Example for Free

The actual experiment EssaySubstances, which allow an electric current to flow through them, atomic number 18 called music directors because of their structure. Copper is a good director and is utilize for connecting wires. Nichrome has more resistance and is used in heating elements of electric fires. Some conductors are better than otherwises. Copper is a better conductor than iron. When electrons are moving through the admixture structure they bump into the metal ions and this causes resistance to the electron flow or current. In diametric conductors the ease of the flow of electrons is different and so the conductors save different resistance. Effect of cross sectional area For a particular conductor the resistance leave depend on its infinite and cross sectional area. The longer the conductor, the further the electrons have to travel, the more likely they are to have collisions with the metal ions and so the great the resistance. Resistance is proportional to continuance. The greater the cross sectional area of the conductor, the more electrons available to carry the charge along the conductors length and so lower the resistance is. Resistance is in addition in return proportional to the cross sectional area. As cross sectional area increases the resistance decreases.Two wires in series are one long wire, because the electrons have to travel twice as far. Two wires in a parallel are like one thick wire so the electrons have more routes to travel along in the same distance. The amount of current flowing through a circuit push aside be controlled by, changing the resistance of the circuit. This can be done with a variable resistor or rheostat. Adjusting the rheostat changes the length of the wire the current has to flow through. Variable resistors are comm simply used in electrical equipment for example in the speed controls on radios and hi-fi systems. Symbol for a variable resistor(rheostat) Effect of temperature If the resistance of a conductor remains constant past a graph showing voltage plotted against current exit give a straight stress. The gradient of the line will be the resistance of the conductor. However, the resistance of most conductors changes if the temperature of the conductor changes. This can be explained using a simple model of a conductor. As the temperature increases the metal ions vibrate more therefore provide a greater resistance to the flow of the electrons. The resistance of a filament lamp becomes greater as the voltage is change magnitude and the lamp gets hotter.Planning Aim To investigate how the length of a wire affects the resistance. Equipment The longer the wire, the higher the resistance. This is because the longer the wire, the more times the free electrons will collide with other free electrons, the particles making up the metal, and any impurities in the metal.Therefore, more zippo is going to be lost in these collisions (as heat). Furthermore, doubling the length of th e wire will result in double the resistance. This is because by doubling the length of the wire one is also doubling the collisions that will occur, thus doubling the amount of energy lost in these collisions. Method The following circuit will be constructed to carry out the investigation. Firstly I will set up the equipment as a shown in the diagram. I will then set the voltage on the power pack to 3v. Then the first crocodile clip is clipped to the wire at the 0cm position on the metre rule.The second crocodile clip is clipped to the relevant position depending on the required length of wire. This length for this experiment will be a 10cm increment each time along the metre ruler, which starts from 0cm to 100cm. We decided to use 10cm intervals then testing each increment to get a more reliable set of results and to have more results to compare. The power supply is turned on. The voltage is then read reach the voltmeter, and recorded. The power supply is then turned off and the s econd crocodile clip is moved to the next position. The above steps will be repeated five times for each length for accuracySafety In order to perform a safe experiment, a low voltage of 3V was chosen so that overheating will be kept minimal as much as possible. Furthermore, lengths lower than 10cm were not tried, which also helped to avoid overheating, which will lead to anomalous results. Evaluation I count on my investigation did not go as expected because, I discovered many anomalies when I drew up graph. These were at 70, 80, 90, 100cm. They were circled because they did not increase steadily as expected. The reasons these problems may have occurred are as follows The power pack may have been left off over a long layover of time which allows the Nichrome wire the to cool down causing the wire to have less resistance and therefore leading to anomaly results. Perhaps it could have been that the crocodile clips that were disposed to the wire may have slipped and become lose t herefore not increases the voltage as much as it should be. The length that was measured for that particular distance was incorrect. It is possible that the length was shorter, causing a lower resistance and at a majority of the lengths it is possible that it was causing a higher resistance also leading to anomalous results.We also encountered many difficulties whilst carrying out the experiment such as placing the wire in the 5v hole and then reading the voltage off the line that went up to 15v instead of 5v. So we had to repeat the experiment in order to keep it a fair test. To avoid these errors in the future I would make sure the power pack would stay on for the same amount off time for each length I would do this by timing it. An alternative way of doing the investigation would be to use a data logging system which involves digital voltmeter and ammeter and use wire with a larger diameter therefore the clips will not come off easily.I think this would have gave me a more reli able set of results and it would also be a more efficient way of doing the experiment because more time would be saved. Vivian Okrah Candidate 9428 Resistance of a wire Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and magnetism section.

Mixed Numbers And Improper Fractions English Language Essay

Mixed Numbers And Improper Fractions English Language EssayA Fraction has two move that tell us what it denotes. The first part is the top turning or the numerator. The numerator is the tour of establishs you have. The second part of a carve up is the bottom count called the denominator (THINK Downominator). The denominator is the subprogram of pieces the whole thing is shargond out(p) into.Example 3/4 meansWe have 3 pieces of aboutthing.The whole thing is divided into 4 pieces.Each piece is a quarter (1/4) of the whole thing. at that place are three types of cipherPicture may need to be redone. taken from http//www. mathsisfun.com/improper- subdivisions.htmlWe define the three types of fractions like this graceful Fractions glossary term a fraction where the top look is smaller than the bottom round. http//www.bing.com/Dictionary/ essay?q=define+proper+fractionFORM=DTPDIAA proper fraction is a fraction with the numerator smaller than the denominator. In other words, th e numerator is less than the denominator.Examples 1/3, 3/4, 2/7 1/2 etc.This is the type of fraction we typically think of when we are sharing or splitting something up.Improper Fractions glossary term a fraction where the top number is bigger than the top number. http//www.bing.com/Dictionary/search?q=define+improper+fractionFORM=DTPDIAAn improper fraction is a fraction that has a numerator larger than or fair to middling to its denominator. In other words, the numerator is bigger than or the alike(p) size as the denominator. We can remember an improper fraction by thinking its top-heavy.In the examples below, notice how the top number is bigger than the bottom number? That makes it an Improper Fraction.Examples 4/3, 11/4, 3/2, 7/4, 16/15, 99/5The term haywire suggests that you shouldnt use it or that its in go under in some way, but there is nothing wrong about Improper Fractions. As you move on to higher levels of mathematics, you will find improper fractions are really frien dly to use.We know that when the numerator is less than the denominator it is called a proper fraction. When the numerator is greater than the denominator it is called an improper fraction. What do we call the fraction when the numerator is equal to the denominator as in the example 4/4 ?Picture may need to be redone. Taken from http//www.mathsisfun.com/improper-fractions.htmlIn this instance where the numerator is the same as the denominator, the number of pieces you have are the same as the number of pieces the whole is divided into. We define this as 1, just as a pizza is a firm pizza when it has all of its slices.Whenever you see the same number in the numerator as the denominator, remember that fraction equals 1.Examples 4/4 = 1 and 7/7 = 1BEGIN YOUR TURN perhaps this could be done as a drag and drop.Match each fraction with its appropriate term, PROPER, amiss(p) or WHOLEAnswers5/8 PROPER8/5 IMPROPER8/8 WHOLE7/6 IMPROPER6/7 PROPER7/7 WHOLE21/5 IMPROPER5/21 PROPER21/21 WHOLE3 /100 PROPER100/3 IMPROPER100/100 WHOLEEND YOUR TURNMixed Fractions or Mixed Numbers glossary term a fraction number consisting of a proper fraction and a whole number unitedly http//www.bing.com/Dictionary/search?q=define+ complex+numberFORM=DTPDIAA whole number and proper fraction together is a Mixed Fraction or to a fault known as a Mixed Number.Examples 1 1/3, 2 1/4, 16 2/5Pictures may need to be redone. Taken from http//www.mathsisfun.com/improper-fractions.html1 3/4 1 1/4=2 3/8A manifold number consists of an integer followed by a proper fraction.Mixed fractions are typically used in e realday/normal conversation.Remember that fractions are used to count a part of something or a group. of this 1 whole square is red.Mixed numbers pool are used when you need to count whole things AND split of things at the same time.How many a(prenominal) of the following squares are red?There are 5 whole squares and part of another square.We write it like this 5 1/4. When we read it or say it out loud we would day, five and one fourth.This is similar to writing 5 + , but, we dont write the + in written form. In word form summation is the same as the word AND.BEGIN YOUR TURNThis would be a great spot for an synergetic video like this onehttp//www.beaconlearningcenter.com/WebLessons/MixedNumbers/default.htmEND YOUR TURNBEGIN YOUR TURNThis would be a great spot for an interactive game to play with mixed numbers like this one http//www.mrnussbaum.com/sal/index.html This is very fun stuffEND YOUR TURNBEGIN REVIEW1. A mixed number is _________________ a number make up of a whole number and a fraction.*AlwayssometimesNeverFeed back By definition2. An improper fraction should never be used as an answer to a math problem.True*FalseFeed back Improper fractions will make solving math problems easier as you get into high levels of mathematics.3. A proper fraction is _______________ used when you need to count whole things AND parts of things at the same time.Alwayssometimes*N everFeed back A proper fraction is a fraction that has a denominator larger than the numerator and is used when you are talking about pieces of 1.4. Which is the correct numerical description for the following picture?*5/81 5/8eight fifths4 and 1/8Feedback the pizza is divided into 8 pieces. 5 of the pieces are showing. Use a proper fraction of 5/8.5. How would you describe the following picture in words to your friend?There are twelve fifteenths pentagons.*There are two and two fifths pentagons.There are two fifths pentagons.There are two whole pentagons and a fraction more.Feed back There are two and two fifths pentagons. We use mixed fractions in everyday language.END REVIEWBEGIN QUIZ1. A proper fraction is _________________ a number made up of a whole number and a fraction.AlwaysSometimes*NeverFeed back A proper fraction is a fraction that has a denominator larger than the numerator and is used when you are talking about pieces of 1.2. Improper fractions are friendly to use in m athematics problems but are not used in everyday language.*TrueFalse3. A mixed number is _______________ used when you need to count the fractional pieces of something.AlwaysSometimes*NeverFeed back Mixed numbers are used when you need to count whole things AND parts of things at the same time.4. Which is the correct mathematical description for the following picture?11/12*5 1/2six halvesfive and one twothsFeedback There are 5 estimable circles denoting 5 wholes and 1/2 of another.5. What term would you use to describe the number of blue blocks below to your friend?proper fractionimproper fraction*mixed number fractionFeed back Mixed numbers are used when you need to count whole things AND parts of things at the same time.END QUIZBEGIN TEST1. A proper fraction is _________________ a fraction where the numerator is larger than the denominatorAlwaysSometimes*NeverFeed back A proper fraction is a fraction that has a denominator larger than the numerator and is used when you are talkin g about pieces of 1.2. The term Improper fraction simply means the numerator is larger than the denominator.*TrueFalse3. A mixed fraction is _______________ the same as a mixed number.*AlwaysSometimesNeverFeed back The terms mixed numbers and mixed fractions are interchangeable and used when you need to count whole things AND parts of things at the same time.4. Which picture below represents the improper fraction 5/2?*Feedback There are 5 full circles denoting 5 wholes and 1/2 of another.5. What term would you use to describe the of the nail below to your friend?proper fractionimproper fraction*mixed number fractionFeed back Mixed numbers are used when you need to count whole things AND parts of things at the same time.END TESTCONCLUSIONA Fraction has two parts that tell us what it denotes.The first part is the top number or the numerator.The numerator is the number of pieces you have.The second part of a fraction is the bottom number called the denominator (THINK Downominator).The denominator is the number of pieces the whole thing is divided into.There are three types of fraction proper FractionsA proper fraction is a fraction with the numerator smaller than the denominator.Improper FractionsAn improper fraction is a fraction that has a numerator larger than or equal to its denominator.We can remember an improper fraction by thinking its top-heavy.. As you move on to higher levels of mathematics, you will find improper fractions are very friendly to use.Mixed Fractions or Mixed NumbersA whole number and proper fraction together is a Mixed Fraction or also known as a Mixed NumberMixed fractions are typically used in everyday/normal conversation.Mixed numbers are used when you need to count whole things AND parts of things at the same time.We write it like this 5 When we read it or say it out loud we would day, five and one fourth..When is a fraction a WHOLE?when the numerator is equal to the denominator as in the example 4/4 ?Whenever you see the same number in the numerator as the denominator, remember that fraction equals 1.

Theories for the Development of Expertise

Theories for the Development of ExpertiseThe Nature or Nurture of ExpertiseHistorically, seriousise has been strongly correlated with inherent ability. Experts were thought to be born and need training only to reach their highest level of performance. This was based on ideas by Galton (1869 as cited by Macnamara et al (2014)), a geneticist, who noned that excellence in the arts and sciences tended to run deep down families. However, this theory alone is in contrary to what is observed in surgical training, where despite initially showing poor aptitude for practical skill, most novices forget progress and become expert surgeons. Therefore, whilst innate ability is undoubtedly an important factor when carrying out a task, is it really necessary for the development of expertise?The current view, first suggested by behavioural psychologist Watson (1930), completely moves away from the enquire for innate ability, and suggests that experts ar made through devote, determination a nd hard-work (as cited by Macnamara et al (2014)). This theory is supplemented by Ericsson et al (1993), who state that plot amount of practice and palpate play an important role in the development of expertise, quantity alone is insufficient, but rather quality in the form of sustained deliberate practice is more(prenominal) important in the development of expertise. Ericsson et al (1993) defined this as practising individual skills with the specific aim of improvement, and famously quoted that 10000 hours of deliberate practice (DP) was required to attain expertise, which they based on the estimated cumulative quantity that the best musicians engaged in over their careers.DP hence involves practising the skill at imperfect tensely more challenging levels, with feedback and reflection, in an attempt to master it. I am able to relate to this as a musician myself I was taught never to practise by playing the same piece of music over and over again. Rather I practise my fingering with the specific intention of becoming a infract pianist by challenging myself with progressively faster and more technically challenging pieces of music. Thus, whilst frequent repetition may maintain my skill level, DP is all-important(a) for advancement. Similarly, Rees-Lee and Kneebone (2015) describe the process of DP in tailors whereby the initially gip to practice on cloth and then progress to tro recitationrs and jackets. While this sequential training is alike(p) to surgery in that the trainee starts with suturing and then progress to operations, the benefit of a graded training program in surgery over the apprenticeship in accommodate is that of a curricula whereby increasing levels of difficulty are specifically introduced at regular intervals over the course of the training program, thus facilitating DP and development of expertise.On the contrary, Ericsson et al and the theory of DP has been criticised for placing no weight on innate talent. DP alone does not exp lain why only certain people are able to successfully take up playing a musical instrument. Macnamara et al (2014) argue that the majority of people will stop doing what they are not good at, and thus talent must precede DP. Grantcharov and Reznick (2009) were critical of the 10000 hours within the surgical domain, as it is based on the assumption that surgical trainees learn at the same rate, which is not the case. Recently, Hambrick et al (2014) and a subsequent meta-analysis by Macnamara et al (2014) have shown that within the domains of music, chess, education, sport and professions there is a large division that faecesnot be explained by DP. Whilst the effect of DP was strong on music, chess and sport, it was extremely weak on education and professions. This may be because DP isnt as defined in the latter activities, or alternatively performance in these activities is much less predictable (for example handling emergencies in surgery, or teaching students of varying knowledg e levels). Subsequently, they concluded that while DP is a very important predictor of individual differences in performance, it isnt as pregnant as Ericsson et al have stated.Overall, it seems evident that in both surgical and non-medical professions, the purpose of the selection process is to pick those stubdidates that demonstrate the innate abilities required to be a member of their community of practice. It is however sustained DP that will allow the individual to become an expert. Sadideen et al (2013) further suggests that innate ability will both press forward up the rate at which this expertise is achieved, but will also be the limiting factor to how far one can progress.Efficiency versus InnovationAs discussed in the previous section, sustained deliberate practice (DP) plays a critical role in the development of expertise. Through progressive challenges, the purpose of DP is to move the expert away from automation. Thus, the term expert can be split into two types the r outine expert and the adaptive expert (Alderson, 2010).The routine expert is one that has developed high levels of proficiency in a task by sheer volume of repetitive experience, which has subsequently carry to automation of the task. With a limitation to the cognitive process during automation, routine experts will try to adapt a problem to their existing solution, and as such Mylopoulos and Regehr (2007c) use the term experienced non-expert to describe these individuals. This is supported by Gawande (2002 as cited by Alderson, 2010) who argues that anyone can therefore become a routine expert within a narrow range if the environment of the task remains stable. The craft of glass blowing is an example of routine expertise. Here the blower has physical mastery of the materials and tools required to successfully blow glass, and as such it has become an automated process. Atkinson (2013) describes that within glass blowing there is little or no room for alternate approaches or novelt y. try and tested methods are the shared culture of the craft and within this community of practice, the same technique and materials are used worldwide. Pedagogy in glass blowing is not learner-centred, but revolves around the technique, tools and materials, and whilst there is the stability within the craft, there is also a limited routine range. In contrast, expertise in the surgical champaign requires a greater flexibility due to the highly individualised characteristics of each patient, and greater innovation is required to deal with the regular challenges (Atkinson, 2013). Thus the surgeon must develop adaptive expertise to broaden their knowledgebase rather than just applying it.Adaptive experts seek and utilise in the buff problems and challenges to encourage DP so as to endure their knowledge and boost performance (Alderson, 2010). They treat learning as a continuous ongoing process, developing flexible and creative methods of solving problems, rather than speed and aut omaticity. In essence, adaptive experts dont try to do tasks more efficiently, they try to do it better (Mylopoulos and Regehr, 2007c). Subsequently, the adaptive expert continually seeks to move centripetally within the model of legitimate peripheral participation they are not happy in the periphery unlike their routine expert counterparts (Mylopoulos et al, 2009). Through their flexibility and brain of their accumulated knowledge, adaptive experts are better able to apply their past knowledge to deal with new problems (Mylopoulos and Regehr, 2007b). Kneebone and Woods (2014) demonstrate this by simulating an operation use a retired surgical team. Here it is evident that within the right simulated context of the operating theatre and the familiarity of the same team, the adaptive expertise of the surgeon can be utilised many years later to perform the surgery. It can be argued that other non-medical experts such as musicians are also able to do this if asked to play a piece of mu sic many years later. From personal experience as a musician, I would counter-argue that in this situation routine expertise is used as they would just be repeating a piece of music from memory, whilst the surgeon would be utilising their knowledge and applying it to operate on a new case with all of its various anatomical and physiological permutations (adaptive expertise).Wulf et al (2010) suggests that one should push away the automaticity and non-cognitive practice associated with the routine expert, and instead aim for adaptive expertise. Although Alderson (2010) supports this statement, he points out that in surgery the processes of adaptive expertise such as DP, seeking challenges and innovation need to be monitored to prevent harm to the patient that may arise from the overenthusiastic surgeon forever seeking new knowledge and thus persistently at the bottom of the procedural learning curve. On the contrary, Guest et al (2001) argues routine and adaptive expertise are not se parate entities, but rather two ends of a continuous spectrum. They argue that while adaptive expertise should predominate in surgery, by automating basic technical skills, this will help to free-up time for the cognitive processes needed to deal with and learn from the more important and complex situation. The true expert has therefore developed resources and processes that allow effective and efficient solutions for the routine problems of practice (e.g. pattern recognition aided by illness scripts and encapsulated concepts), thus allowing a reinvestment of the cognitive area liberated through the automation process towards innovation and extending new knowledge (Mylopoulos and Regehr, 2007c).

The Validity Of Essiac As a Cure For Breast Cancer :: Biology Health Medicine Essays

The Validity Of Essiac As a Cure For Breast crabmeatDoctors continue to study breast cancer, one of the leading causes of death in women, in attempt to find an all out cure. More and more women are diagnosed with breast cancer each year. In 1995, an estimated 182,000 women in the United States were diagnosed, of which 10% to 15% were already locoregionally advanced (Ames et al, 1996). Breast cancer has been plaguing women since 1600 B.C. where it was treated with such methods as amputation or by burning the lesion (Eberlein, 1994). A variety of supposed panaceas have been proposed as cures, however, the most modern technology and research has identified three main(prenominal) modalities in the give-and-take of cancer surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. These modalities are most advantageous in ridding the body of cancer and prolonging life as noted in delineate research studies. THE SEVEN MOST COMMONLY USED, MEDICALLY ADVANCED PROCEDURES FOR ERADICATING BREAST CANCERWhile docto rs do not completely disregard homeopathic cures as cancer treatments, due to the cells high rate of metastasis, time is most definitely of the essence. Numerous medical journal studies have alluded to seven specific procedures for combating a tumor of the breast. The Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center backs up this assertion and explains the procedures on their home page at (http//www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/opa/cancer.html). Of the seven treatments, a MODIFIED RADIAL MASTECTOMY is the most prevalent treatment of early identified breast cancer and the most favored by physicians. This procedure includes the full removal of the breast, underarm lymph nodes and the lining of the chest tendons. Seldom use today, but a common procedure of the past, a RADICAL MASTECTOMY was also an option recommended for women, entailing a removal of the entire breast, chest muscles, all underarm lymph nodes, and redundant fat and skin. The TOTAL and SIMPLE MASTECTOMIES, yet another scientifically worthwhile option in the fight against breast cancer, involve the removal of only the breast, and sometimes a removal of a few underarm lymph nodes closest to the breast to check if the cancer has begun to spread to other parts of the womans body. PARTIAL and SEGMENTAL MASTECTOMIES move out the malignant tumor as well as a wedge of normal tissue surrounding the tumor, including some skin and the lining of the chest muscle below the tumor, again checking for metastasis. Slightly newer, more advanced treatments involve directly targeting the cancerous tumor, including extra prophylactic measures.

Identifying The Day We Were Dogs Essay -- Day We Were Dogs Essays

Identifying The Day We Were Dogs Whether or not The Day We Were Dogs (1993) is a magical realist story is questionable. Often stories ar misidentified because of the stuffiness of literature such as magical realism, the fantastic, and the sublime. The story leaves a lot to mavens imagination instead of presenting it in the text. Elena Garro blends two days and two completely various worlds together in this story. The magical elements depend on how one uses his or her imagination throughout this story. The girls could either be pretending to be dogs or they could demand actually become dogs. If they are in fact real dogs, they are able to talk, and their dog Toni also talks. Also, magic numbers are used throughout the story. The main magical element is the blending of the two days. The story jumps back and forth between the two and never distinguishes between them. The realistic elements include Tonis actions. He shows how dogs spend their days lying under a tree and eating all day. Another realistic element depends on how one accepted the events that happened at heart the two parallel days. If the girls were not actually turned in to dogs but were just pretending, then this fact is another realistic element. Children often pretend they are animals, expecially dogs. In magical realism, the text contains something we cannot explain according to the laws of the universe as we know them (Faris 167) and the descriptions detail a stong presence of the phenomenal world (Faris 169). These quotes explain wherefore one might think that this story is magical realism due to the two different worlds that are going on at the same time. Also, one experiences the closeness or near-merging of two realms, two worlds (Fari... ...l Realism Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham N.C. Duke UP, 1995. 249-263. Garro, Elena. The Day We Were Dogs. Latin American Writers Thirty Stories. Ed. Gabriells Ibieta. New York, N.Y. St. Martins P ress, Inc., 1993. 206-212. Faris, Wendy B. Scherazades Children magical Realism and Postmodern Fiction. Magical Realism Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham N.C. Duke UP, 1995. Sandner, David. Romanticism and Transcendence in Nineteenth-Century Childrens Fantasy Literature. The Fantastic Sublime. Westport, C.T. Greenwood Press. 45-65, 142-147. Theim, Jon. The Textualization of the Reader in Magical Realist Fiction. Magical Realism Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham N.C. Duke UP, 1995. 235-247.